Gum health (gingiva) is crucial for maintaining overall oral health. While many people focus exclusively on their teeth, gum disease often represents a silent but serious issue that can lead to tooth loss and negatively impact general health. In this article, we explore the most common gum diseases, how to recognise them, and which treatment methods are most effective.
What are gum diseases?
Gum diseases include inflammatory processes that affect the gums and the supporting tissue of the teeth. They most often occur due to the accumulation of dental plaque—a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth if oral hygiene is inadequate. Untreated gum problems can progress, causing pain, gum recession, loose teeth, and even tooth loss.
Gingivitis – the first stage of gum inflammation
Gingivitis is the mildest form of gum disease. It is an inflammation of the gums caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar. At this stage, there is no permanent damage to the supporting tissue of the teeth, meaning that gingivitis can be completely cured if detected early and properly treated.
Symptoms of gingivitis:
- Red, swollen, and tender gums
- Bleeding during brushing or flossing
- Bad breath
- Discomfort while chewing
Treatment for gingivitis:
- Professional teeth cleaning (removal of plaque and tartar)
- Increasing frequency and thoroughness of oral hygiene
- Use of antiseptic mouth rinses
- Education on proper brushing and flossing techniques
Periodontitis – advanced gum disease
If gingivitis is not treated, the inflammation can spread deeper into the supporting tissues of the teeth and develop into periodontitis. This is a chronic disease that affects the bones and ligaments that hold the tooth in the jaw.
Symptoms of periodontitis:
- Gum recession and exposed tooth roots
- Formation of pockets between teeth and gums
- Loose teeth
- Tooth loss in severe cases
- Tooth sensitivity to hot/cold
- Persistent bad breath
Treatment for periodontitis:
- Initial periodontal therapy: removal of plaque below the gumline, scaling, and root planing
- Antimicrobial therapy: local or systemic antibiotics
- Regenerative procedures: techniques to regenerate bone and soft tissue
- Regular check-ups and maintenance: Continuous gum care is key
Gingival recession (gum recession)
Gingival recession occurs when the gum margin pulls back and exposes more of the tooth or its root. This can lead to aesthetic concerns, sensitivity, and an increased risk of root decay.
Causes:
- Aggressive tooth brushing
- Periodontal disease
- Genetic predisposition
- Poor oral hygiene
- Wearing oral piercings
Treatment:
- Changing brushing habits
- Therapy to stop disease progression
- Surgical procedures (gum grafting)
- Periodontal therapy to restore lost tissue
Cysts and fistulas – more serious complications of oral infections
When inflammation from the gums or tooth roots spreads deeper into the tissue, dental cysts or fistulas may form.
- A cyst is a pathological cavity filled with fluid, most often forming around the tip of the tooth root as a result of long-term infection.
- A fistula is a small channel formed when the body tries to eliminate an infection, allowing pus to drain through the gum.
Symptoms:
- Swelling and pain in the jaw or gums
- Discharge (pus) from a small opening in the gum
- Unpleasant taste in the mouth
- Occasional or persistent discomfort
Treatment:
- Endodontic therapy (root canal treatment)
- Surgical removal of the cyst
- Antibiotic therapy
- Importance of timely diagnosis and treatment planning
Prevention of gum disease
In most cases, gum disease can be prevented through proper and consistent oral hygiene. Key prevention factors include:
- Brushing teeth at least twice a day with a soft-bristled toothbrush
- Regular use of dental floss and interdental brushes
- Use of antiseptic mouth rinses
- Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings
- A healthy diet and avoiding smoking
When to visit the dentist?
Any bleeding from the gums, discomfort, or changes in the appearance of the gum tissue are reasons to visit a dentist. Early detection of symptoms and timely treatment can prevent complications and preserve the health of teeth and gums.
If you notice signs of inflammation or have concerns about your gum health, consult a periodontist. The Esthea Polyclinic team offers expert care and tailored treatments for all types of gum diseases.
If you have symptoms of gum disease or want to check the health of your gums, a consultation with a specialist is the first step toward a solution. The Esthea team is available for questions and preventive examinations.